The diaphragm is connected to a stylus and pressed into a cylinder covered in wax or alternatively a thin layer of tin foil. When a handle is turned, the cylinder rotates and also moves very slowly along. The stylus pushes into the wax and, when the cylinder is rotated, cuts a groove.
The stylus also moves up and down very slightly as it vibrates with the sound and so the wax now contains a recording of the sound in the groove. We play the sound back by using the stylus to translate the groove back into vibrations onto the diaphragm and this in turn to the horn from which the sound can be heard. Simply put a vinyl record spins on the record player while the stylus moves through the records grooves.
A stylus is made of an industrial gemstone sometimes diamond and is attached to the record arm. Please note, there are record player cartridges that use piezoelectricity and some that use magnets, but in the end they both feed the signal to the amplifier. Know that you know how records work, you may want to understand the actual record player device to get more context. Vinyl record players are electromagnetic devices that change sound vibrations into electrical signals. When a record spins, it creates sound vibrations that get converted into electrical signals.
These signals are fed into electronic amplifiers. Electric amps vibrate and feed the resulting sound into speakers, which amplify it and make it louder. Record players still use the whole needle and groove methodology that a phonograph used, although record players today are much more high tech. So how do they work exactly? The needle, or stylus of a record player is one of several parts that make up a transducer. A transducer is what changes mechanical energy into electrical energy and changes electrical energy into mechanical energy.
The whole system contains a stylus, magnets, coils, cantilever, and a body within a cartridge. The mechanical energy from the sound waves is converted into electrical energy, which is then sent into the amplifier and out to the speakers. When a vinyl record is made, a needle is used to create grooves in the vinyl that is basically recorded information of the desired sound or music.
A needle or stylus is also used to read the information contained in the grooves, playing it back so that we can hear the recorded information.
On the left side of the groove and on the right side are channels of audio information that makeup stereo sound. Fun factoid; once upon a time, records were made of rubber. Now, they are vinyl. Another fun factoid; the little grooves in a record would be roughly meters long if you were to unwind it into a straight line. A master copy of a record is made using a stylus to cut grooves into a round disk.
The master copy is ridged instead of grooved. The stamp is pressed into steam-softened vinyl, using a hydraulic press. The vinyl disc is cooled with water and viola… a finished vinyl record is born.
Once a vinyl record is made, it is played on a record player. A record player is sometimes called a turntable. Turntables spin wheels using an electric motor. Sound waves were directed into the diaphragm, making it vibrate. A hand crank turned the cylinder to rotate the tinfoil cylinder while the needle cut a groove into it to record the sound vibrations from the diaphragm.
The output side of the machine played the sound through a needle and an amplifier. The needle was set in the groove and the cylinder set to the beginning. The amplified vibrations played back the recorded sounds. The recording medium used in the original phonograph was awkward to use and broke easily. In , Emile Berliner, a German living in America, developed a hand-cranked machine that turned a hard rubber disc on a flat plate instead of a cylinder which became known as the gramophone.
Unlike Edison's phonograph, it could only play back recordings, but this format gave the public access to music they would not have heard, and sparked the start of the recording industry. While the technology used in recording and playback devices improved steadily, record players are still based on the needle in groove concept. One of Berliner's breakthroughs, the turntable, has been improved and mechanized to spin the record with the aid of a belt or a direct drive system.
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